Low-Dose Aspirin and Miscarriage

You may have heard that taking low-dose aspirin (such as a chewable baby aspirin) during pregnancy can help prevent miscarriage. For some expectant moms that may be true, but not for all.

Here's a look at what research can tell us about the potential role low-dose aspirin may play in supporting a healthy, full-term pregnancy, as well as who might benefit from popping a little orange pill a day and who probably won't.

What Aspirin Does

One effect aspirin has on the body is that it causes blood to become thinner, slowing its ability to form clots. That's why low-dose aspirin sometimes is prescribed for people with a history of heart attack or stroke. A low-dose aspirin pill contains 81 milligrams (mg) of medication.

It's also why daily low-dose aspirin, plus another blood thinner called heparin, often are prescribed for pregnant women with a history of recurrent miscarriages who have a condition called antiphospholipid syndrome. This is an autoimmune disorder that increases the likelihood of blood clots. Blood clots during pregnancy could form in the placenta, restricting the flow of nutrients to the developing baby.

Low-Dose Aspirin and Miscarriage

Interestingly, studies looking at the potential benefits of daily low-dose aspirin during pregnancy have produced mixed findings. One, in particular, is a 2012 trial called the EAGeR Study. EAGeR stands for Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction.

For the EAGeR trial, 1,228 women between 18 and 40 who had two recent miscarriages and planned to try to conceive a third time were randomly divided into two groups. One group took 81 mg of aspirin each day, and the other group took a placebo during the time they were attempting to get pregnant.

Ultimately, there was no difference between the two groups of women in terms of pregnancy loss. The women who took aspirin weren't any less (or more) likely to have a miscarriage than were those who took a placebo.

However, among a small subset of women in the study—those who had had a single recent miscarriage (before 4 1/2 months and within the year preceding the study)—the rate of conceiving and going on to have a normal pregnancy and a healthy baby was higher for those on aspirin therapy.

Aspirin and Preeclampsia

Although the jury is still out about the potential effectiveness of low-dose aspirin for preventing miscarriage, there is evidence that daily low-dose aspirin protects against preeclampsia.

This is a serious pregnancy complication in which blood pressure rises to dangerously high levels and protein can collect in the urine. It can affect numerous organs in the body, and also interfere with blood flow to the placenta, which is the only source of nourishment for a developing fetus.

The ACOG recommendations list the following as risk factors for preeclampsia that may warrant low-dose aspirin:

One or more high-risk factors, such as a history of:

• Autoimmune disease
• Chronic hypertension
• Kidney disease
• Multiple pregnancy
• Preeclampsia
• Type 1 or type 2 diabetes

Or more than one of these moderate-risk factors:

• Body mass index over 30
• Family history of preeclampsia
• First pregnancy
• Maternal age of 35 or older
• Sociodemographic factors, including race (Black women are at greater risk) and poverty (underserved communities face greater risk)

If any of these risk factors apply to you, your obstetrician will evaluate if low-dose aspirin is right for you.

General Precautions

Even though it's available OTC, it's not safe to take aspirin during pregnancy without a doctor's guidance. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), low doses can be warranted under a doctor's care, but higher doses of aspirin can be unsafe throughout pregnancy, particularly after 20 weeks, when aspirin can cause fetal kidney problems that result in dangerously low levels of amniotic fluid.

Additionally, in the first trimester, aspirin may be associated with miscarriage and congenital defects. In the third trimester, it increases the risk of premature closure of a vessel in the developing baby's heart.

Should your OB prescribe daily low-dose aspirin, make sure to tell them about any other medications you're already taking that they may not be aware of. Aspirin can interact with certain other drugs and may be dangerous for people with certain bleeding disorders.