Sex During Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage

A miscarriage is a spontaneous pregnancy loss that occurs within the first 20 weeks of gestation, usually in the first trimester. It's most often caused by a random chromosomal abnormality. The experience can be painful, both physically and emotionally, for anyone who has to go through it. 

Many couples, including those who have had miscarriages, may wonder whether it is safe to have sex during pregnancy. They worry, for instance, whether the penetration of the penis into the vagina might accidentally harm the fetus. They may also be concerned about whether uterine contractions during orgasms might cause problems with the pregnancy. It's totally normal to have these types of concerns.

Research

Although there is extensive research on first trimester miscarriages, there is no known association between sexual activity and miscarriage. 

Additionally, scientists have found little to no association between sexual activity and preterm birth, except for, in rare cases, women who've had a higher number of sexual partners in their lifetimes, as well as other risk factors like previous preterm labor, multiple gestation, and cervical incompetence.

When to Avoid Intercourse

It's possible that sex during pregnancy may sometimes feel painful or uncomfortable due to the hormonal and bodily changes you're experiencing. In most cases, you may be able to remedy the situation by figuring out which positions are more comfortable for you and by making sure to have lubricant on hand if you're experiencing vaginal dryness.

Additionally, if you're not in a monogamous relationship and it's possible that your partner has a sexually transmitted infection, you'll want to protect yourself (and your baby) by using condoms.

The following are two scenarios in which a doctor is more likely to tell you to skip sex during pregnancy—and they are somewhat rare. If you have been diagnosed with one of these conditions, your doctor may advise you not to have intercourse during pregnancy.

Placenta Previa

Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta is low-lying in the uterus and either partially or completely covers the cervix. A pregnant woman's placenta is typically low-lying early in pregnancy and then rises higher. Placenta previa is diagnosed via ultrasound and causes problems if it occurs later in the pregnancy.

Usually, painless bleeding in the third trimester is the main symptom. Other warning signs can include premature contractions, an abnormal lie (transverse or breech), and the uterus measuring larger than normal.

Placenta previa is serious because it can lead to complications including growth restriction in the baby and fatal hemorrhaging (blood loss) in the mother. Many women with this condition must be put on bed rest. Placenta previa occurs in roughly one of every 200 pregnancies.

Cervical Insufficiency

In cervical insufficiency (also known as incompetent cervix), the cervix is weak and starts dilating, or opening, too early during pregnancy. The condition increases the odds of pregnancy loss and preterm birth.

A Word From Verywell

For the most part, sex during pregnancy isn't a concern. But If you're worried that having sex may hurt your developing baby or lead to miscarriage, discuss your concerns with your doctor. 

If you're feeling embarrassed, remember that midwives and doctors—especially OB/GYNs—see patients who have similar concerns every day. They will be happy to answer any questions you have about sex in general, especially during pregnancy.